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The Sassanian rule of Mesopotamia ended when Arab Muslims conquered Iraq in the year 637 AD. This was the start of Islamic rule in Mesopotamia. The cities of Basrah and Kufa became important early Islamic centers in the south and then the city of Mosul became an important cultural center in the north. Early Islamic culture in Iraq is well known for the development of architecture, for the decorative arts and calligraphy as well as for the development of literature, the arts and sciences. Cities such as Baghdad and Mosul became centers of scholarship, and the universities and libraries of Iraq became world renowned institutions of learning.
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